Themes in The Sun Also Rises Essay - 835 Words

Themes in The Sun Also Rises One theme that I found recurring throughout the novel, The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, was love. Lady Brett Ashley was a beautiful woman who seemed to be irresistible to the men she became acquainted with. For example Robert Cohn, Bill Gorton, Pedro Romero, Mike Campbell, and last but not least Jake Barnes. Brett was ex ¬ tremely vulnerable to the charm that various men in her life seemed to smother her with. Brett was not happy with her life or her surroundings and sought escape and refuge in the arms of these men. All of these men had strong feelings for Brett. The only problem was that Brett had no feelings for any of those men, except for Jake. The only reason Jake and Brett†¦show more content†¦He loved Brett more than anything and he wanted her to be happy, so he set her up with Robert Cohn, which did not work out, and he also set her up with Pedro Romero. Although the feelings between Brett and Pedro may have been mutual, Brett did the right thing by giving him up; whatever Brett wanted, Jake was willing to give her because he wanted her to be happy. Love for Robert Cohn is a silly and naive love learned from storybook romances. For example the book that Robert Cohn read, The Purple Land, which was about an aging Englishman finding love in a romantic country seriously affected him. Robert had old-fashioned notions of love- he believed in commitment. Robert was too blind to realize that his kind of love was lost on Jakes crowd of friends, especially Brett. Robert was im ¬ mediately attracted to her. Since Brett may have been curious or just bored, she decided to go off with him to San Sebastian, Spain. What does their romance mean? For Brett, nothing; for Robert, everything. He believed that their affair was a perfect love. Robert could not stand to see Brett with another man; (Barrons Booknotes) even though they were not together he was jealous. Mike, Bretts fiancee, was too drunk and maybe too insecure to love. Bill Gorton picked up an American girl at the fiesta, but nothing serious came out of it. He was too cynical or too unfriendly to love. Pedro Romero was a manShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Love in The Sun Also Rises648 Words   |  3 Pagesit can be shown through people’ s action. In most novels love is an unseen character yet it plays this strong force that moves the story along. Ernest Hemingway writes about a group of people who are trapped in a wearisome game of love. In The Sun Also Rises Jake Barnes, the protagonist, is a journalist whose war injury causes him to be handicapped. He is madly in love with Lady Brett who loves him in return. However, they cannot complete their relationship because of Jake’s injury. Therefore allRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises Many Themes Are Seen995 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Hemingway’s â€Å"The Sun Also Rises many themes are seen. Among them being Drinking, nature, the lost generation, masculinity, and sexuality. Probably the most important out of these would be that of sexuality. Within the book it is simply seen as a means to an end, the relationships are not usually well thought out or meaningful. Rather they simply serve a purpose of showing that one can be in one without being committed to anything at the same time. One of the biggest parts that shows ofRead MoreThemes Of The Catcher Rye And On The Sun Also Rises 1780 Words   |  8 PagesThe motifs and themes presented in both The Catcher in the Rye, and in The Sun Also Rises, present fascinating resemblances and differences in the psychological condition of the characters, loneliness and the search for a meaningful companionship after experiencing a loss of a loved one are thoroughly addressed in both books. The desires for fulfillment drive the characters into dangerous psychological states which they try to make up for with excessiveness in the form of alcohol use and promiscuousRead MoreThemes In Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises877 Words   |  4 Pages In ‘The Sun Also Rises,’ friendships are tested, romance is running high, and people reveal their true colors. There is a lot of drama that seems to unfold throughout the novel. The organization of the novel makes the drama seem more drast ic. ‘The Sun Also Rises’ doesnt seem to have an effect on today’s generation, or how we view society. This novel had many bumps and curves as it goes, but it was a pleasure to read. For me, this novel was very hard to follow. I couldnt seem to make senseRead MoreMasculinity in Hemingway ´s The Sun Also Rises756 Words   |  4 PagesHemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises has his male characters struggling with what it means to be a man in the post-war world. With this struggle one the major themes in the novel emits, masculine identity. Many of these â€Å"Lost Generation† men returned from that war in dissatisfaction with their life, the main characters of Hemingway’s novel are found among them. His main characters find themselves drifting, roaming around France and Spain, at a loss for something meaningful in their lives. The charactersRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Modernism1513 Words   |  7 PagesOne strong theme of modernism in literature is the attack and or decline of The American Dream. The American Dream is the idea that everyone, men, and women, have an equal opportunity to achieve wealth, success and or happiness through dete rmination, and hard work, in other words, the pursuit of happiness. Two writers that illustrate this theme of modernism are F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of The Great Gatsby, and Ernest Hemingway, author of The Sun Also Rises. From the outside, one may think TheRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay868 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway: A Literary Marvel â€Å"One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever . . . The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to the place where he arose . . . The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits . . . .All the rivers run into the sea; ye the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they returnRead MoreCycle Of Life Essay Examples832 Words   |  4 Pagesthen go through the same changes as the one before it. The cycle of life theme is incorporated into many stories throughout history although the exact role the theme plays in each story can vary. One of the ways it can be seen is through the use of concrete examples, meaning someone is born and dies. Abstract examples are another way the cycle of life can be shown in stories. Abstract examples would include such things as the sun rising and setting which gives the reader a visual of time lapse. â€Å"LightningRead MoreThe Sonnets Of Shakespeare s Sonnets1396 Words   |  6 Pageswith Sonnet 7. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 7 strays from the main theme of love and romance, as it is mainly about youth turning into old age. The first four are as follows: â€Å"Lo! in the orient when the gracious light / Lifts up his burning head, each under eye / Doth homage to his new-appearing sight / Serving with looks his sacred majesty.† Already the theme of youth fleeing into old age can be seen; the â€Å"gracious light† refers to the sun, which rises in the east and sets in the west. The â€Å"orient† refers toRead MoreErnest Hemingway s The Sun Also Rises1353 Words   |  6 Pagesemotion or to get an important lesson or theme across to the readers. Other authors write to create a picture for others to see as the author sees it. Ernest Hemingway creates The Sun Also Rises to do both jobs. It’s a lot harder to visualize something if there is not enough description, but Hemingway uses the right amount of detail to paint a picture of every lesson he wants to te ach. Colors are a very important part of describing how things look, and they can also be used relatively with a strong characteristic

Essay On Teen Pregnancy - 1590 Words

Teen Pregnancy Task 1 Teenage pregnancy has been around for thousands of years, and in the past was in fact an ideal among societies of past times, such as the Ancient Greeks, the Medieval Era, and even as late as the 20th century. Teenage women were thought to be at the prime age for baring children, and often as soon as they were married, fell pregnant. However, in this era, women have more opportunities to go further and reach higher in life, they have the chance to be successful, and to rival or even rise above men in the work world. When young woman (teenagers) become sexually active, it is important that they know the concequences of their choice to become sexually active; should she become pregnant, is she ready to become a mother†¦show more content†¦My goal is to get an understanding of the knowledge of the year twelve students of Sacred Heart on the issue of teen pregnancy, and to inform others of the effects that lack of knowledge on teen pregnancy can have. With the actions thst I have chosen to take, I hope to show students of my year the effects of having a lack of knowledge of their sexual health that correlate with teenage pregnancy, and how they can be safe with how they go about their sexual interactions, or otherwise give them information on where they could go to seek professional advice if they want it. Task 2 Five actions that are important for grasping an understanding on the knowledge of year 12 students on the topic of teen pregnancy are: Survey- This is a direct and useful way to get the opinions and information that students have. Questions relating to knowledge of contraceptives, organizations, and understanding of concequences of teen pregnancy and abortion are key for picking up information. Interviewing a school councellor- Having a professional s opinions on the issue is helpful and this person has likely had experiences with people who have been in a situation relating to the issue in some way, and will have information on what people can do to seek help. Interviewing aShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Essay2181 Words   |  9 PagesPregnancies are a wonderful thing. Just imagine being able to create another human being and bringing it into the world. Although this may be what the majority of mothers think, teen moms may have a different perspective. They might have been forced into pregnancy and the child may be a reoccurring thought of what happened to her. Chances are the teen will love her baby in the long run, but in the beginning the teen most likely had different views. Teen pregnancy is a worldwide problem that needsRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Pregnancy Nearly thirteen percent of all births in the United States were teenage girls from the ages fifteen to nineteen. Almost one million teenagers become pregnant each year and about 485,00 give birth. In many situations the answer to keeping a relationship going is to have a good sex life. Most teen relationships are based on sex. This is one of the main reasons why teenage birth rates are so high. I am a good person to make a case for this topic because I have witnessed from a familyRead MoreEssay on Teen Pregnancy1041 Words   |  5 PagesIt has been said that teens across the world have not been receiving enough sex education. This has led to many issues with teens becoming pregnant, which most of the time is unanticipated. Teenage pregnancy has been a social problem throughout the world for a number of decades now. Many studies have been completed in several countries that pertain to the amount of teens and the types of teens who are becoming pregnant. Rates among teens had bee n declining for some time, but are starting to takeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is teen pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. There are many reasons why teens end up pregnant at such a young age. These reasons consist of family related problems, the lack of being taught about safe sex in school and by parents at homeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Pregnancy Over the past two decades, the rates of teen pregnancy have grown dramatically. According to the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy, approximately every thirty-one seconds ateenager becomes pregnant in the United States. This is unbelievable, however that is the truth that no one can deny. Many people think that teen pregnancy dont effect them unless they get pregnant or one of the family members in teenage get pregnant. However teen pregnancy really affects our communities and countryRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay643 Words   |  3 Pagesdifficulties that come with an unplanned pregnancy in teens can have a profound effect on their life. Their physical, social, mental, and emotional health will all be affected by a sudden change in the course of their life. Teens impacted with an unplanned pregnancy will have to give up many things in order to be a parent. In addition, they will have to take on many more responsibilities that accompany pregnancy and parenthood. All in all, having an unplanned pregnancy and becoming a parent introduceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages(Hamilton, B.E.). That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year. According to, â€Å"11 facts about teen pregnancy† less than 2% of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30 (Par. 2 5). There are many reasons for this and the best way to help limit teen pregnancy would be to require parents to attend teen pregnancy prevention meetings held by schools. One of the many problems is that most teens are not well informed about the troubles of being a teen parent. They don’t understand how it willRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesPrevent Teen Pregnancy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After reading Martha Balash’s article, Schools Can Help to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Balash has put time and effort into this proposal on stopping Teen Pregnancy. I think Balash’s introduction is very effective because she goes straight to the facts. She doesn’t try to mislead you with any false facts. She goes straight to the point and the point is to prevent teen pregnancy. Balash tells that schools has more influence over teen pregnancy than whatRead MoreEssay Teen Pregnancy1403 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a lot of teen mothers growing up in this world wondering, what if I would have stayed in school? W hat could I have become? Would it have made my life easier if I had thought first? There is many causes for teen pregnancy. They lead to the need for the desire of love by another person. One might have a poor home life and would want something like their peers have. A teen may have a low self-esteem and simply be looking for acceptance. However, many teens that have a wonderfulRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy has long been acknowledged as an important health, social and economic problem in the United States, one that creates hardships for women and families and threatens the health and well-being of women and their infants. Unintended pregnancies span across age, race and religion, with a specific negative impact among the teenage population. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2016) In 2015, a total of 229,715 babies were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a birth rate

Computerized Asset Management System free essay sample

TITLE PAGE COMPUTERIZED ASSET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (A Generic Case Study) BY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AUGUST 2008 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project being an original work was undertaken by - Project SupervisorDate Director of StudiesDate DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to the God Almighty; the giver of life, strength, wisdom and every good gifts who has seen us through the challenges of making this work a reality. . AKNOWLEDGEMENT There are many individuals who contributed to the production of this project work through their moral and technical support, advice or participation. Finally, we would like to thank our families and friends for their understanding, encouragement, and support over the completion and fulfillment of our project work. ABSTRACT The record keeping routines, information tracking, complicated logistics and many other administrative procedures are all regular activities that constantly make up the core processes in the management of real and financial assets. However these processes could be quite cumbersome and inefficient when manual systems being used continue to play prominent roles in organizations that offer such services. Basically, with the advent of Information Technology (IT), some organizations, government agencies, individuals etc. ave employed various database management software including relational database and spreadsheet software for the management of assets. However, these application software are generic; hence there is need to design a system that is tailored to specific need of asset management. Consequently, this project work finds it necessary to study and analyze the difficulties inherent in the administration and management of asset manually in organizations with a view to proposing an extensive solution to these problems. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTSPages TITLE PAGE-i CERTIFICATIONii DEDICATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTiv ABSTRACT-v TABLE OF CONTENTSVI CHAPTER ONE NTRODUCTION1 DEFINITION OF TERMS2 PROBLEM STATEMENT3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY-4 SCOPE OF PROJECT4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY-5 LIMITATIONS CONSTRAINTS OF THE ROJECT-6 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ASSETS-7 ASSET MANAGEMENT9 COMPUTERIZATION10 PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE EXISTING SYSTEM-12 CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SYSTEM ANALYSIS-13 SYSTEM DESIGN14 SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENT14 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-19 CHAPTER FOUR – IMPLEMENTATION LANGUAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION21 CODING-22 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS-22 THE INTERFACE OF THE NEW SYSTEM24 UPDATE AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEM25 CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION SUMMARY-26 CONCLUSION26 RECOMMENDATION27 APPENDIX 1 – PROGRAM CODE28 APPENDIX 2 – PROGRAM FLOWCHART32 APPENDIX 3 – GUIDELINES FOR DBASE DESIGN-33 APPENDIX 4 – DIAGRAM OF ASSET MAGT SYSTEM-34 APPENDIX 5SCREENSHOT OF INTERFACE35 REFERENCES38 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Asset intensive industries face the harsh realities of operating in highly competitive markets and dealing with high value facilities and equipment where each failure is disruptive and costly. At the same time, they must also adhere to stringent occupational safety, health and environmental regulations. Maintaining optimal availability reliability and operational safety of plant, equipment, facilities and other assets is therefore essential for an organizational competitiveness. The function of asset management are taking a fundamental turn where organizations are moving from historical reactive (run-to-failure) models and beginning to embrace whole life planning, life cycle costing, planned and proactive maintenance and other industry best practices. Asset Management is not operational excellence but instead focused on effectiveness; bring out the most of every capital investment or expense from a planning perspective. It has a long-term view, strives for balanced investment-risk-performance levels and supports data driven decision-making required for all ‘discretionary spending’. However, some companies still regard manual asset management procedure, despite the evolution of information technology, which cannot meet up the above challenges; hence the objective of this project work is to present a conceptual and practical approach for the management of asset using a computer program. This is necessary due to the accuracy, efficiency and reliability of computer in performing rigorous tasks such as manipulation and querying of large volume of data which is relevant in managing asset. 1. Definition of Terms The major variables in this work are Asset, Management, Computerization and System. The definitions of these variables are given below: 1. 1. 1Asset – this could be defined as a person or thing that is valuable or useful to something. Banking and Finance defines asset as a thing which belongs to a company or person which has value. 1. 1. Management – this could be defined as the act of running and controlling a business or similar organization. 1. 1. 3Computerization – this word is derived from the word computerized, which means to provide a computer or computers to do the work of something. 1. 1. 4System – this is defined as a collection or assemblage of different part or component that is connected together in an organized way in ord er to achieve a particular goal to satisfy a particular interest. System could also defined in computer term as a collection of procedures and devices working together as a unit. . 2Problem Statement The application of computer in virtually all fields of human endeavor has tremendously improved the mode of operations in organizations. However, some organizations and companies still rely on manual asset management as well as record keeping, which is tedious and the procedure is cumbersome. These problems are listed below: †¢ Inaccurate data entry and mix-up of records †¢ Unavailability of accurate data-bank of records since paper is a bio-degradable material they tend to spoil with time †¢ Ineffective security of documents Long process on retrieval of record due to large volume of paper stored †¢ Delay in accounting and auditing proceedings due to tedious process involved in record retrieval †¢ Documents occupy a lot of space that could be put into other prof itable use. 1. 3Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are: †¢ To eliminate the error associated with the existing system. †¢ To provide more reliable storage and retrieval of asset record through the use of computer. †¢ To increase information availability and accessibility. To enable asset managers easily estimate asset net-worth through the use of inbuilt computerized logic on asset models. 4. Scope of the Project The scope of this study covers the following: †¢ Basic procedures and process associated with record keeping †¢ Availability of interactive and easy to use Graphical User Interface (GUI) with vital components in form format, which enable users to enter information about financial assets and fixed assets. †¢ The application includes tools that allow users to estimate the net-worth of a particular asset. 5. Significance of the Study The significance of computerization of asset management system includes the following: †¢ Speed – computers operate at a very high speed that enables users to enter, store data and retrieve information within a very short time. †¢ Storage – Computer has a very high storage capacity; be it internal or external storage media, which is a vital aspect of asset management. †¢ Accuracy – the high degree of accuracy exhibited by computer is of essence in record keeping and accounting procedures in asset management. †¢ Efficiency – the efficiency of computers can improve the overall efficiency of organization. Reduction of Complexity – the complexities in record keeping and computation of asset values can be drastically reduced by the application of some statistical tools embedded in computer systems. †¢ Security – computerized system offers better security facilities, which is needed in asset management to safeguard the inte grity and confidentiality of vital data and information organizations. †¢ Error Detection and Correction – computerized systems can easily detect errors like wrong spelling or formula in processing data and suggest appropriate correction needed. 6. Limitations and Constraints of the Project The following limitations and constraints were experienced: †¢ The project is generic in its approach to Asset Management as it is not targeted towards any specific Organization. †¢ Effective utilization of advanced accounting and administrative tools were intentionally omitted from our research and study specifications due to restrictions we were subject to under specified curriculum. †¢ Finance – this research work has been constrained by lack of funds. Hence, it was difficult to acquire some materials that would have enhanced the work. Time – considering the originality of this project, more time would have been required for an extensive work. †¢ Insufficient information – Some organizations relevant to this research work could not release some vital information for fear of compromising the integrity of their management procedures. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter reviews some literatures related to this project with the aim of designing a computerized system that would be replaced with the popular manual asset management system, which is tedious, cumbersome and time consuming to manage. Consequently, there is need to understand what assets are, the different types of assets and the kind of information about assets that are needed in order to ensure effective management of assets records. 2. 1What are Assets? In this context the definition of asset is very broad. Anything that is used by an organization in order for it to achieve its function can be considered and asset of the organization. This will include a number of different types of assets and are classified based their characteristics. Some types of assets are listed below: †¢ Fixed Assets – these are assets that could last as long as the company or organization exists. They include office furniture, vehicles, etc. †¢ Liquid Assets – liquid assets include cash or bills that can easily be converted to cash. †¢ Financial Assets – these include investment and cash at hand. These kinds of assets could also be seen as claim against the income or wealth of business organization; usually represented by a certificate or legal documents, which include bonds, insurance policies, stocks, deposits etc. However, considering the importance of financial assets in this project, it is necessary to consider some of its characteristics and categories. Characteristics of Financial Assets †¢ Financial assets cannot be depreciated †¢ They do not provide continuous stream of service to their owners †¢ They can easily be converted to another form, which could be substituted for other assets. For example shares can be converted to another form of asset desired by its owner. Different types of Financial Assets Basically financial assets are divided into four groups; namely: †¢ Equities – this is also known as stock, which represents ownership shares in a business firm in which it could be used as claim against the firm’s success. Equities are also categorized into common stock and preferred stock. Common stock entitles its holder to vote for the members of the firm’s board of directors while preferred stock has no such privileges. Preferred Stock also known as capital stock provides a specific dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of liquidation. †¢ Money – this is any financial asset that is generally accepted as payment of the purchase of goods and services. Derivatives – these are the newest type of financial assets being introduced, which has unique financial claims. Its market value is influenced by the return on a related financial instrument such as loans, bonds, stock etc. 2. What is Asset Management? Asset management is a general term with many different meanings, depending on which governmental agency or organization is using it. The clerk considers asset management the appropri ate recording and report of assets in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The finance director considers asset management as a strategic financial plan. The utility director thinks of his or her job and maintaining the utility’s infrastructure in good working order. The utility supervisor thinks of a work order system that helps plan and control resources and equipment. The Information Technology (IT) director sees asset management as another enterprise wide, integrated suite of computer software and hardware requirements. Since all of these agencies have policy criteria they are responsible to meet, designing asset management system must consider all criteria in order to be useful and successful. According to Austroads, asset management may be defined as a comprehensive and structured approach to the long term management of assets as tools for the efficient and effective delivery of community benefits. The emphasis is on the assets being a means to an end, not an end in themselves. Asset management refers to the professional management of investments such as stocks and bonds, along with real estate. Typically, asset management is only practiced by the very wealthy, as the services of a professional firm can demand considerable sums of money, and successful asset management usually requires a large and diverse portfolio. . What is Computerization? This is concern with provision of computer or computers to do the work of something. Computerization could be defined as the technological application of electrical and computer based systems to supplement the operations and control the activities of an organization. This technological application could include computer process contr ol, feedback control, planning, data collection and decision making support facilities. Computerization aids in automation of processes that usually required tedious manual inputs and outputs. In the light of these broad definitions Computerized Asset Management System could be seen as professional management of investments such as stocks and bonds, along with real estate by means of technological application of electrical and computer based systems to supplement the operations and control the activities of an organization. Asset management can be relatively tedious and is error prone when using the manual system that is associated with rendering such services. However, with the use of computers, this can be easily done in record time and faster than the manual process. In relation to the above mentioned facts, this work (Computerized Asset Management System) seeks to highlight the problems associated with the existing manual system with a view to making necessary recommendations that seek to eliminate the indices inherent problems thereby presenting the computerized system as a preferred solution. 2. 4Problems Inherent in the Existing Manual System The following are the lapses in the existing manual system: †¢ Inaccurate data entry and mix-up of records †¢ Unavailability of accurate data-bank of records since paper is a bio-degradable material they tend to spoil with time Ineffective security of documents †¢ Long process on retrieval of record due to large volume of paper stored †¢ Delay in accounting and auditing proceedings due to tedious process involved in record retrieval †¢ Documents occupy a lot of space that could be put into other profitable use. CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Systems are created to solve problems. In this dynamic world, the subject of System Analysis and Design mainly deals with software development activities. The process of building a software system, from analysis to implementation is generally referred to as Software Project Development Life Cycle. The various aspects of the Software Project Development Life Cycle concerned with this project are enumerated below: 3. 1System Analysis Analysis involved a detailed study of the current system, leading to specifications of a new system. It is also a detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. 3. 1. 1System Study. System study is the first stage of system development life cycle. This gives a clear picture of what actually the physical system is. This study is usually done in two phases. In the first phase, the preliminary survey of the system is done which helps in identifying the scope of the system. The second phase is more detailed and in-depth study in which the identification of user’s requirement and the limitations and problems of the present system are studied. It also involves checking existing system by carefully analyzing the process involved, in this case manual method of asset management. Hence, problems noticed in the existing system prompted us to consider a better solution to the current method of manual processing. . 1. 2Feasibility Study. On the basis of result of the initial study, feasibility study takes place. The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the light of its workability, meeting user’s requirements, effective use of resources and of course the cost effectiveness. 3. 2 System Design Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of a new system, the new system must be designed. In the design of the proposed system, the following specific requirements are considered. 3. 3Specification Requirement Input Specification Considering the proposed system various input are required by the user such as Username, password, new asset acquired including its type, value, location, date etc. However these input data has to be specified so that the computer can carry on necessary manipulation. Input Specification for Real Assets (SQL Server Settings) |Data Item |Data Type |Length |Description | |ID |Varchar |10 |Identification number of asset | |Item |Char 10 |Asset name | |Category |Char |10 |Asset type/category | |Description |Varchar |100 |Asset detailed description | |Manufacturer |Char |50 |Asset manufacturer (for real assets like cars, | | | | |machinery etc) | |Model |Varchar |50 |Asset Model (for real/fixed assets) | |Date Acquired |Datetime |9 |Date asset was acquired | |Purchase Price |Money |8 |Price of asset at time of purchase (for | | | | |real/fixed asset) | |Current Value |Money |8 |Value of asset based on depreciation parameter | |Condition |Char |10 |Physical condition of assets (for fixed/real | | | | |assets) | |Location |Varchar |200 |Place where asset is located/ can be found | |Owner |Varchar |100 |Owner of asset | |Retired Date |Datetime |9 |Date of discontinued use of asset | |Comments |Varchar |250 |Detailed comment/information about asset | |Attachments |Nvarchar/binary | |Attachment files such as images, electronic | | | | |receipt of purchase etc. | Input Specification(s) for Financial Assets |Data Item |Data Type |Length |Description | |Asset ID |Varchar |10 |Identification number of asset | |Asset Name |Varchar |20 |Name/Title of asset | |Description |Varchar |100 |Detailed description of asset | |Category/Type |Varchar |50 |Type of financial asset (i. e. onds, treasury bills, | | | | |stocks etc) | |Issuer |Varchar |50 |Issuer of asset/IOU | |Date of Acquisition |Datetime |9 |Date asset was acquired | |Value |Money |8 |Value of asset at acquisition | |Current Market Value |Money |8 |Value of asset at a point in time based on market | | | | |factors | |Maturity |Datetime |9 |Maturity date for IOUs, bonds, treasury bills etc | |Owner |Varchar |20 |Name of asset holder | Input Specification for Users (Holders of Assets) Data Item |Data Type |Length |Description | |ID |Varchar |10 |Unique Identification number for holder/bearer of asset. | |First Name |Varchar |20 |First Name of asset holder | |Last Name |Varchar |20 |Last Name of asset holder | |Company |Varchar |20 |Employer of bearer/holder of asset | |Job Title |Varchar |50 |Job Description/Occupation of holder | |Email |Varchar 100 |Email address of holder | |Phone Number |Varchar |20 |Contact number of holder/bearer | |Address |Varchar |100 |Contact address of holder of asset | Output Specification/Expectation Expected output includes windows-based forms for data entry and manipulation, validation, security, and hard copy reports printing features on assets. File and Storage Requirements Data is stored on a relational database; the data base software used is Microsoft SQL Server2002. The storage device used for the proposed system is hard drive. Control and backups – the security and control facilities of the proposed system ensure the accuracy, security and privacy of the software resources. Control and backups control for the proposed system include: †¢ Requirement of password for access †¢ Software checks †¢ Periodic backup copies of the system Personnel and Procedure – The proposed software is going to be used by client and company’s administrator; hence there would be need to hire the service of a database manager. 3. 4 System Architecture The proposed system combine page layout with application content to create sophisticated database-driven windows forms with controls, validation and security. [pic] Presentation Layer – The system comprises windows (forms)-based user interface, including data validation logic for built-in field types. An extensive set of intelligent field types is supported providing built-in validation for data types like email addresses, currency, and phone numbers †¢ Business Layer The Business layer is where the bulk of business logic resides. †¢ Data-Access Layer – the application’s data access code, table sorting logic, table filtering logic etc are all part of this layer. It includes SQL statements and queries needed for storing retrieving, and filtering data from the database. †¢ Database Layer – This is the actual RDBMS and objects of the database such as SQL Queries, Views, and Stored Procedures. CHAPTER FOUR IMPLEMENTATION Implementation is the stage of a project during which theory is turned into practice. This stage includes software acquisition and development, personnel hiring and training, site preparation and data preparation, installation, testing etc. The stages for implementing the proposed system are listed enumerated below: 4. 1Language of Implementation The programming language used is Microsoft’s Visual Basic. VB. NET is an offshoot of Visual Basic programming language developed by Microsoft. It is one of the fourth generation Object Oriented Programming Languages, as against Visual Basic that is largely a procedural language. VB. NET is the only . NET language that supports late binding. In the VS. NET IDE, VB. NET rovides a dropdown list at the top of the code window with all the objects and events; the IDE does not provide this functionality for any other language. VB. NET is also unique for providing default values for optional parameters, and for having a collection of the cont rols available to the developer. 4. 2Coding This refers to the process of writing the program instructions that will process the data and produce the output specified in the program design. Analysis of  some VB. Net code †¢ Imports System. Data †¢ Imports System. Data. SqlClient †¢ Imports System. Data. OleDb These objects enable you to interface with all sorts of data sources, from text files to Microsoft SQL Server, to Oracle, or even with custom data sources created by the programmer. 4. 3 System Requirement This consists of the hardware and software requirements needed for the proposed system to operate at a maximum efficiency. 4. 3. 1 The hardware requirements †¢ Pentium 4 2. 4 GHz †¢ 80GB Hard disk drive †¢ 512 MB RAM †¢ BIOS standard with embedded extensions (Basic input/Output system) 4. 3. 2 The Software Requirement †¢ Window XP embedded with service pack 2 †¢ Database Software (MsSQLserver2000) †¢ Visual Basic. Net The final stage of implementation is the conversion of the system. At this stage, manual working has to shift from manual to computerized working. Basically, two strategies are applied on conversion process, which are Pilot and Parallel. In Pilot run or conversion strategy, the new system is installed in parts. Some part of the new system is installed first and executed successfully for considerable time period. When the results are found satisfactory that other parts are implemented. While in Parallel conversion, both the computerized and manual systems are executed in parallel. This strategy is recommended for the implementation of this project because of the following benefits: †¢ Manual results can be compared with the results of the computerized system. †¢ Failure of the computerized system at the early stage, does not affect the working of the organization, because the manual system continues to work, as it used to do. 4. The Interface of the New System †¢ The application login Page (this requires a User name and Password) †¢ Application’s Main Page – this page is an MDI form from were other windows can be called and users can interact with the user. It contains a menu bar with menus, a toolbar, a tree view and a tab page control which enable users to interact with the system †¢ Contact Details page – used to enter information about Asset owners into the database †¢ Asset Details page – used to Enter assets into the database and to find asset information. †¢ Admin Password Setting page – this page is used to change and update username and password of users of the system A Report Page – uses crystal Reports to display information about assets. 4. 5Update and Maintenance of System Since humans and their demands are dynamic, the system needs to be maintained and updated frequently to adapt to the ever-changing technological world and the changing environment. Periodic updating of the computerized asset management system is necessary with the assistance of a system programmer, system designer and database administrator to ensure that no corrupt hardware or software has been installed in the system. Also needed is vir us protection software to safeguard the system from falling victim to many types of viruses e. g. a Trojan Horse and worms. A virus is simply malicious software that is intended to infiltrate a computer system and corrupt it). Username and password of administrator should be kept secret, as exposure of this detail would allow unauthorized users access to the database, thus exposing the financial details of clients. A periodic update of the database is needed to keep the system up to date, as the need arises. The maintenance process would also involve correcting errors as and when they occur, documentation of the system updates and corrections. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5. 1Summary The project work is a result of efforts to fully computerize and display the modern means of managing asset using a generic case study. The use of a computerized system in managing assets would definitely enhance the process of asset management. The implementation of this project will surely improve the efficiency and effectiveness of asset Management organizations in terms of storing, saving large volumes of data of assets, and easy access to asset information which will improve the decision making process of such organization. 5. 2 Conclusion Computerization has affected every facet of the society from politics, education, leisure, business and entertainment. Hence, asset management as one of the determinants of a successful economy should not be left out. 5. 3Recommendation It is recommended that the Use of Computerized Asset Management system will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of Asset Management Companies such as Investment Banking Trust Company (IBTC), UBA Trustees and other Real Asset Management Companies as well as individuals who manage their own portfolio of assets. Database Layer Stored Procedures SQL Queries Database Data Access Layer Utility Classes Data Access Classes Table-Specific Data Access Classes Transaction Management Data Cache Management Connection Management Business Layer Table Classes Record Classes Presentation Layer Code-Behind Sub-classes Security Code Behind Validation Code User Interface

Is Television Good Or Bad Essays - Communication,

Is Television Good Or Bad? Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Is Television Good Or Bad? Television is not a bad thing, but in fact is a resource that can be used to educate and entertain people of all ages. There are many programs on television, which do not educate, because everyone needs to be entertained. I feel that television is a resource that is not used to the full extent that it could be. Television programs that educate are scarce and those that do educate are often on during the day when children are at school. Television stations should organise their programs so that the education shows are shown when children get home from school (3:30 - 4:30) so that the children will be able to learn while enjoying themselves at home. Schools often use television as a way of educating students because on television, they can demonstrate many things that cannot be done in the classroom, and often show things that cannot be experienced in the country or area where the school is located. I think that this is an excellent use of television and more use should be made of it in education, because it offers many advantages to classroom teaching. The drama serials on television are neither entertaining or educational. These shows simply depict "real life" (in the broadest sense of the term) and therefore do not teach or entertain (otherwise life itself would be entertaining!) I think that these programs should not be shown. Comedy programs, however, make viewers laugh, feel better, and make people generally happier. These programs should be encouraged, instead of the 'real life' dramas. Sports programs and broadcasts of sporting matches are very good. With them, fans of the sports can watch only parts of a match, or watch while they are at work. Without these services, people who are ill or disbled or people that had to work on weekends would miss out on sport all together. These programs show only relevant parts of the match and often include player information and information about the tournament or season. These programs are a great service to the public and encourage a healthy life-style. In general, television is an excellent resource, even though it is not always used to it's full potential, it entertains and (sometimes) educates. Television would be one of the most useful resources if some important changes were made.

Gail Godmans Sorrowful Woman Essay Example

Gail Godmans Sorrowful Woman Essay Example Gail Godmans Sorrowful Woman Paper Gail Godmans Sorrowful Woman Paper In Gail Godsons short story, A Sorrowful Woman, an unnamed woman withdraws herself from her family due to her belief of having an overwhelming life. Godsons protagonist in the short story is unhappy with her current role as a housewife and seeks to explore different roles, but has a hard time coping when faced with making more engaging decisions when they are presented to her. The wife slowly steps out of her role in the family until they are completely shut out of her life. The only thing the wife seems to want in A Sorrowful Woman is the ultimate escape from what she minds unbearable, life confined by roles related to her gender. : Godwin uses different elements to elaborate the theme throughout the short story by involving changes in setting, the aspect of fairy tales and the characters interactions with one another. The overall theme of A Sorrowful Woman is the meaning of self-discovery and how Godsons protagonist attempts to find herself through the tensions of being a mother and wife. The one element that Godwin really hits on in the short story to strengthen the overall theme is the use of fairy tale aspect. At the beginning of the narrative, Godwin inserts a line before the actual story starts that reads, Once upon a time there was a wife and mother one too many times (Meyer 36). In this line, she is trying to put the point across to the reader that this short story will challenge the notion of what women desire. Godwin tries to portray that the wife in her story is not the normal wife and mother, like in most fairy tales. The wife in A Sorrowful Woman resembles the exact opposite of what women in fairy tales were portrayed as. In most fairy tales, the woman usually finds prince charming, gets married, has children ND lives happily ever after. She desires to different and hopes for a changed role in society. The reader doesnt know about the wife and husbands life before their childs birth, however some passages presume that she had a beautiful fairy tale life. Slowly, she falls from that beautiful, harmonious life into the horrid person she becomes. In most fairy tales, the fictional characters are usually the essential component to the plot. However in A Sorrowful Woman, Godwin doesnt develop the characters or even give them names. By not giving her characters names, she tries to how the reader how different this family is from the average families that everyone pictures in most books, movies and television shows. The aspect of fairy tales and how Godwin inserts it throughout the entire story really brings the theme of self- discovery to the forefront. Another great way that Gail Godwin establishes the self-discovery theme was the hidden use of setting and how it corresponds with the events of the short story. The use of the setting might go unknown to the reader, but Godwin seems to use the climate as a way to connect with the theme and events that are happening. In the first lines of A Sorrowful Woman, the narrator says, One winter evening she looked at them: the husband durable, receptive, gentle; the child a tender golden three. The sight of them made her so sad and sick she did not want to see them ever again (Meyer 36). Already at the beginning of the novel, the reader knows that the wife is unhappy with her life, as she looks upon her husband and child with sickness. Woman is sad and sick of her life, the climate is the cold, dreary and unpleasant winter. Later in the story as the woman slowly tears apart from her family, the season goes deeper into the winter. Godwin mentions how the wife sits in her sweaters while in front of the fireplace. This continues the connection between the weather climate and the womans attitude to being separate from her own family. At the end of the novel, I finally realized the connection as it starts to become the spring. In the second to last paragraph, the narrator says, The house smelled redolent of renewal and spring (Meyer 41). As the woman kills herself, the climate changes from winter to spring. I think Godwin did this to resemble the fact that the Oman was finally free from what she didnt want to be. The unnamed woman had found herself through the self-discovery, even though it wasnt the best thing to kill herself. Godwin effectively used the winter and spring to establish the difference between when the wife was locked into her role to when she discovered herself to be free finally. The third element that Gail Godwin uses in A Sorrowful Woman to establish the theme of self-discovery is the way she uses the interactions between the few characters. The first interaction is when her son accidentally scratched her and she lips out. The wife said, Go away, to her son, then she tells her husband, Eve locked myself away from him. Im afraid (Meyer 37). Godwin shows that the woman cant even stand to be around her son, even when he simply makes the mistake of scratching her. She is obviously sick of being a mother and wants to find another way live, without her toddler son. This goes back to the fact of how she loved her previous life with Just her husband, before she got pregnant. Later in the short story, the wife also realizes that she wants to find a way to live without her husband too. In accordance with that, she totally removes herself from any situation that revolves around either her son or husband. The wife tells her husband, Im afraid its come to that. Just push the notes under the door; Ill read them. And dont forget to leave the draught outside (Meyer 40). After this conversation, it seems like this is the last time that she speaks to either her husband or son before she offs herself. Godwin uses this confrontation between the husband and wife to show that she is done from her life and that she needs to be by herself now. The few interactions that occur between the characters really set the scene that the unnamed wife wants to separate from the family and rediscover who she wants to be. In Gail Godsons short story, A Sorrowful Woman, the unnamed woman withdraws herself from her family due to her belief of having an overwhelming life. Godwin uses different elements to elaborate the theme throughout the short story by involving changes in setting, the aspect of fairy tales and the characters interactions with one another. Godwin uses fairy tales as a way to contrast between the usual omen in other tales to the wife who is the total opposite in A Sorrowful Woman. The weather is used as a way to show the slow move from the womans trapped life to becoming free. Godwin also uses a few interactions between the characters to establish that she needs to be separate from them and move on in her life. Godsons protagonist attempts to find herself through the tensions of being a mother and wife, ultimately showing the quest for self-discovery throughout A Sorrowful Woman. Meyer, Michael. Literature to Go. Boston, MA: Bedford/SST. Martins, 2011. Print.

5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives

5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives 5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives 5 Common Errors in Punctuating Appositives By Mark Nichol An appositive is a word or phrase that refers to the same idea as another word or phrase in proximity. The phrase â€Å"my friend John† contains two appositives, because â€Å"my friend† and â€Å"John† are two ways of identifying that person I know well. For many writers, how to punctuate appositives is problematic. Here are some erroneous uses of punctuation with appositives: 1. â€Å"My sister Jane is a pain.† Whether this sentence is correct or not, actually, depends on specific knowledge: Does the writer have more than one sister? If so, the sentence is correct. If not, this sister’s name should be set off by commas, and a clarifying modifier like older (unless there are two or more sisters of greater age) preceding her name would be helpful. If you’re editing such a sentence, and you don’t have details, it’s best to omit commas. (Traditionally, father or mother would imply that the person in question is in a class all by himself or herself, necessitating commas, but it’s possible to have more than one of each.) 2. â€Å"This year’s spotlights include a tribute to Asian American film legend, Anna May Wong.† If the sentence referred restrictively to â€Å"the first Asian American movie star, Anna May Wong† (she is the only person in the class â€Å"first Asian American movie star†), the comma would be correct. But the adjectival phrase â€Å"Asian American film legend† is merely what is called a temporary epithet; it could refer to other people as well. The error perhaps derives from confusion with the correct construction â€Å"Anna May Wong, the Asian American film legend.† But as is, the sentence should have no comma. 3. â€Å"The typical manufacturing worker earned $44,680 last year, according to the New York-based research firm, Towers Perrin.† This error mirrors that in the preceding example; it can afflict references to inanimate entities as well as descriptions of people. The comma preceding the firm’s name erroneously implies that only one New York-based research firm exists, and it is therefore erroneous (unless there was a previous reference, not by name, to the specific company). 4. â€Å"The crowd was being seated for the performance artist’s newest show Say No More.† The opposite problem is on display here. The phrase â€Å"newest show† restricts the show title; only one show by the performance artist can be his or her newest, so a restrictive comma after show is necessary. The phrase â€Å"the performance artist’s show Say No More,† however, includes no qualifiers and therefore requires no comma. 5. â€Å"I read the book, The Chicago Manual of Style, from cover to cover in one sitting.† In trumpeting this masochistic achievement, the writer is suggesting that the volume in question is the only one in existence; it is â€Å"the book.† But bibliophiles have other options, so the writer should respect that fortunate fact by omitting both commas from this sentence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Latin Plural Endings5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Science Meets Real Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science Meets Real Life - Essay Example The 5 steps of the scientific method are then executed again. If the bulb glows in the second lamp then it is CONCLUDED that there has been a fault in the initial lamp that was lighted when the person reached home. But there could be a POSSIBLE ERROR here and that is that the lamp may not be plugged into the socket properly. Another subsequent query that may now arise is that whether the Initial lamp was fixed properly or not. This series of hypothetical testing continues unless the actual reasoning behind the nonfunctioning of the lamp is assessed. If the Fan is not running then it the hypothesis is accepted and it is affirmed that since the engine fan is not working that must be the reason behind the rapid heating up the car. However this can still not be affirmed that whether the fan itself is faulty or there is a fault in the electrical wiring connecting the fan to the engine. If he fan does not turn on when connected to the new battery terminals then it is ascertained that the reason for the non-functioning of the fan and thus heating up of the car was the burning out of the fan only. However, if the fan is functional then further analysis is required to assess that what is the actual reason behind the inoperability of the fan and the scientific methodology of figuring out the root cause by assessing one factor after the other unless a deductive conclusion is reached, continues. Science is a natural and indispensible option for humans to exercise. Even if life of the human beings is considered in its simplest of forms as it was in the primitive times, the applications of science in it remain there and are obvious. Thus it can very well be ascertained that human life and Science go hand in hand. Considering our daily routine we get benefitted with the applications of science round the clock. It doesn’t matter whether we are at work, are spending leisure time or are into slumber; science is applied into our

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 5 - Essay Example The company was designed to create cruise ships especially for pleasure in the warm-water Caribbean. Royal Caribbean Cruise Case sailed not only in the Caribbean but also in many other parts of the world (AirGuide Business 216). The Work System Framework Following the work system framework, the company can be analyzed by its activities and processes, information, technologies, products and services, the environment, strategies and infrastructure. Below is a detailed analysis following the criterion. Processes and Activities There were several activities that could be identified within the Caribbean work system. The processes were aimed at enhancing the customer experience, reducing costs, and increasing revenue. As such, activities such as deployment of ships to the US ports – a new development in the industry, carrying out promotion including giving huge discounts to customers have been witnessed in the company. The aim is to entice customers to travel and in the long run rea lize higher revenue. Another key process in the company is a distribution which is mainly done using the Travel Agent Channel. The participants in the Caribbean who ensure that these processes and activities are promptly and conveniently accomplished include the employees in the organization (The Cruise Industry News Quarterly 24). The company like any other is composed of the management, technical staff, travel agents and many other participants that work strongly to ensure that the objectives of the company are vehemently met (Applegate, Austin and McFarlan 56). Information Information plays an increasingly significant role in the Royal Caribbean Cruise case work system. This has particularly followed the realization that information is perhaps the most powerful tool that any organization can use to remain relevant in the wake of competition witnessed in the dynamics of the society. The Caribbean realized this and took a significant step in using the resource in marketing their se rvices. This is a way to enhancing their competitive advantage and is in line with their objectives of increasing revenue. Technologies Technologies were not left behind. At a time when technologies sweep the globe at a rate never witnessed before, the Caribbean realized that it is perhaps the only way to stand the test of time. Consequently, the issue of connectivity was very fundamental. Satellite was used to facilitate communication to the onshore purchasing agents and to the vendors. Ship-to-shore synchronization was also ensured at least four times a day. JDE system was used for financial gains of the company. This system was particularly critical in the accounting inventory and in the management of cash. The nature of the ship management was very diverse and required a special information subsystem to fulfill these special needs. AMOS was developed by developed by the Xantic Software Company again in the realization of the need for information technologies for the Caribbean. T he information system was specifically designed for ship maintenance purposes. It was fully implemented. However, there was significant work needed to standardize the parts database. Other technologies also formed part of this reputable ship management processes. As a result, technological equipments were fundamentally utilized to ensure that the ship met the legal and safety requirements and standards. Galley equipment, engines, valves, electrical systems, and even consumable items such

The Second Vatican Council Essay Example for Free

The Second Vatican Council Essay The Second Vatican Council began in 1962 and ended in 1965. For the first year Pope John XXIII opened the council, he unfortunately died in 1963. Pope Paul VI then took over and closed the council in 1965. â€Å"A combined total of 2,865 bishops and prelates attended the council, which issued sixteen formal documents† (John and Hardon, 2000). The second Vatican promulgated some of the most important documents present in the Catholic religion. They also changed the way the Laity were involved in the church. A Lay apostle is someone who has committed to God (through baptism and confirmation) and strives to deliver the divine message of salvation to others throughout the world. â€Å"The need for the apostolate is shown by the manifest action of the Holy Spirit moving laymen today to a deeper and deeper awareness of their responsibility and urging them on everywhere to the service of Christ and the Church. † (Jackson, 2010). Therefore the statement suggests that the Holy Spirit is the one to give us a deeper understanding of what we as Catholics must do to become a good lay apostle, and that our responsibilities are within the church and our beliefs in Christ. Nazzaro (2010) states â€Å"A Lay apostle walks closely with Jesus throughout each day†¦ We serve Jesus through service to others. † In order to become a good lay apostle we must be close to the Lord daily whether saying prayers or attending church, and in order to serve him we must spread the word of God to everyone that would be interested in following Christ. The Second Vatican Council made the dogmatic constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium). This was a set of rules in which Catholic must abide by. The constitution of the church states that everyone is part of the church and therefore everyone has a responsibility for its growth and the spread of the kingdom of God throughout the world. Due to this responsibility the council recognised the need for the role of the laity to cease from being passive and instead become active. The role is stated by Paul VI (1964) â€Å"they may make Christ known to others† The Vatican II council was one of the most significant events to have happened in the Catholic Church. This was because the council made many changes, its purpose was to bring the church up to date by opening it to dialogue with the modern world in terms of other Christian traditions, other faiths, the cultural, the political and the technical milieu in which we all live. (Doyle, 2006. Bishop Butler, 1967). The church felt that they were ‘behind times’ therefore their goal was to modernise themselves so that they kept up with its people. This meant that the church allowed the freedom of speech to all catholic people. The council wanted a wider input from the community therefore they allowed the laity to have an active role in the church. Other changes included allowing women on the sanctuary, before the second Vatican only males could be alter servers. Churches were not encouraged to study the bible, but rather the catechism, however nowadays churches can study both. Catholics had little to do with Protestants and they weren’t allowed to enter protestant churches, this has also been changed. For most Catholics, the biggest changes the Council made was â€Å"the priest and altar turned toward the people and the Liturgy of the Word and the Canon of the Mass in the vernacular† (McInerny, 2001). This implies that the mass is now read in a language the people understood. Before the Vatican II, mass was read in Latin, which the Laity saw unsuitable as they did not follow or understand the ceremonies attended. The Laity played little part within the church before the second Vatican council was formed. The laity attended mass to listen to the word of God, which was delivered and preached by the clergy. However the insight of Vatican II now means that, â€Å"the laity have a full and active role to play both in the church and in the world. † (Kinast, 1979:384). This implies that the people of the church not only have to take part within the church but they must do their own duty outside of the church. This means getting involved within church events such as fundraising or helping out with the offerings within the sermons. The council felt there was many reasons for changing the role of the laity. One important reason was to enable the Church to adapt with current changes of the modern world. A quote from Pope John XXIII as on his deathbed (24 May 1963) (cited in Bishop Butler, 1967) was â€Å"Those who have lived as long as I have were enabled to compare different cultures and traditions, and know that the moment has come to discern the signs of the times, to seize the opportunity and to look far ahead. He recognised that the Church was at an important stage and that in order to seize opportunities and bring others into the faith, there needed to be a role for the laity. Bishop Butler (1967) supported this in stating; â€Å"Catholics were not meant to be museum keepers, but rather gardeners whose responsibility it was to prepare a beautiful harvest for a glorious future†. In other words, the laity are there to serve the Lord in as many ways possible, it would be an opportunity wasted if God’s children (the laity) were not sent out to spread the message. Lay Christians are dedicated to Christ and anointed by the Holy Spirit as aforementioned. They are called to be heralds of faith and through them the Church can become the salt of the earth. This is why the council felt it was important to change the role of the laity as they realised the Holy Spirit acted through them. There have been many developments within the church since the Vatican II. This includes the involvement of other helpers within the church. The Lay people due to the changes were able to do a lot more within the church services. These include readings and Eucharistic ministers. They also have female alter servers, which before the Vatican II would never have been allowed. Some felt that the Vatican II did little for the Church today; â€Å"Although the Second Vatican Council had enormous impact, it cannot be isolated from prior and parallel liturgical, theological, biblical, and social developments† (Mcbrien, 1997), however I disagree. Without the Vatican II’s introduction of the Constitution on the Church, the role of the Laity would not have been transformed to the state that we know today. Because of the Vatican II, the church today has many different roles for people. These include Church Church cleaners, flower arrangers, prayer groups, liturgy groups, pilgrimage groups (including taking the sick to Lourdes), bereavement care centres, parish teams, school chaplains and many more. In creating these jobs not only decreases the work load for the Clergy but it allows the community to get involved within the church and spreads the word of God. There are many developments that may happen in the future. Some have already been discussed but still have yet to be decided. One thing that may develop in the future is the decision on birth control. Although the Catholic Church has still banned contraception there may be good reason for the introduction of it for example the discussion of the prevention of HIV. Another development that could be changed is the marriage of priests. There will always be a place in the church for a celibate priesthood, but there should also be a place for a married priesthood in the church, stated by Daly (2011) (cited in McDonald, 2011). The statement provides challenges to the Catholic religion and that one-day the ban may be shifted. Another issue is that Homosexual marriage may occur in the future. Many religions including Christianity are still against this decision however, todays society is beginning to accept it and thus the Church may also come to the same agreement. A final development for the future would be female ministers. Although there has been much dispute about this topic, the church may alter its decision and adapt to the ever-changing society. Now that there is the Laity, the church must do its duty and continue to listen to the requests and suggestions made by the Laity. The church and the Laity can be said to be a family or a community and without the Laity or the Clergy present, the Catholic religion may not survive. Therefore the second Vatican’s decision on apostolate of Laity was very important as they help the survival of the religion and the message to be spread throughout the world.

Reality and Illusion in Richard Bach’s Illusions Essay -- Richard Bach

Questioning Reality in Richard Bach’s Illusions The message of Richard Bach’s Illusions is based on the concept that the things we interpret in the world as reality are actually illusions. This is made evident to one of the main characters, Richard, through his interactions with his newly found friend, Donald Shimoda. Donald Shimoda is a â€Å"messiah†, and he has gifts that he uses to help mankind. A quote that Richard reads is â€Å"Here is a test to find whether your mission on earth is finished: If you’re alive, it isn’t† (121). During the entire story, Don proves this quote to be true. Donald works to share his gifts and carry out his mission on earth. Richard and Don are barnstormers. They live their lives flying from town to town, landing in farm fields, and giving flights to local people for three dollars. Richard meets Don when Richard sees Donald’s plane parked in a field as he is passing by the nearby town. Richard is very curious about this plane because it is extremely unusual to encounter other barnstormers. He also feels lonely at times, and he wants to see if the other barnstormer can keep him company. When Richard lands his airplane, he meets Don. He talks with Don for several moments and, despite noticing some unusual quirks about Don, does not think that Don is too out-of the ordinary. Then he notices that Don’s plane is immaculate. It does not have any dirt or oil or any other evidence that it has been flown before. When Richard asks Don about this, Don tells him that there are things that Richard does not know. Later in the story, however, Richard learns more about Don and why he seems to be mysterious. Richard has a dream that reveals to him why Donald seems so mysterious. He sees a man a... ...ir problems or uncertainties. When people realize that they are capable of knowing the truth, they are able to overcome the illusions and to help others break their own boundaries. Donald Shimoda is aware of his mission on earth. He knows that he has the power to help all of mankind, and he works to help any person who he encounters who is in need. He works hard to do so throughout his entire life and until his death. When Donald dies, his work on earth really is complete. He teaches Richard to look past illusions and to see the reality behind them. Richard comes to realize that he too can perform miracles. In learning and sharing the gifts that Donald offered to the world, Richard is able to help mankind. Donald does finish his mission when he dies. However, his friend Richard has the ability to carry out the same mission and to help others as Donald did.

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations Paper Essay

There are different scenarios with three different forms of entities that require taking control, taxation, and possible liability issues into account. These considerations will not only serve to ensure compliance is met but also so that each establishment is protected. In the first scenario Lou and Jose plan to open a restaurant/sports bar, the issue is that they have not accumulated of the money, but Miriam, a prosperous investor is willing to contribute the funds although she doesn’t have time to be physically involved in the business. In the second scenario Frank happens to be a wealthy investor who has a strategy to open up a chain of exterminating businesses throughout the United States. The third scenario is Akiva and Tara wants to open a licensed obstetrician office, they will take out a loan for startup costs. The fourth and final scenario a construction company is hiring and has specific job requirements that must be met in order to be selected as the final candidate. Restaurant/Bar Lou and Jose plan to open a sport bar/restaurant, a place where customer will be able to socialize while watching sports on large-screen TVs. The major issue is that Lou and Jose do not have the funds to put these plans to action. But they do know of a wealthy investor Miriam, who is willing to invest her wealth in making the sport bar/restaurant happen. Miriam doesn’t have much time to be involved in the day to day operation but is willing provide capital in return for a percentage of ownership. It is at Lou’s and Jose’s best interest to make their business a Limited Partnership business. A limited partnership is the best option for Lou and Jose since they have one partner who will invest capital but will not participate in management (Cheeseman, 2010). In order to do so Lou and Jose must file for a certificate of Limited Partnership through the secretary of state and must comply with the statutory requirement of the RULPA (Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act) (Cheeseman, 2010). Once the certificate of limited partnership is filed a limited partnership is formed. Each partner will be responsible for filing his or her own tax information and they will also be responsible for the reporting of the company tax information as a whole. Extermination business scenario Frank is a prosperous investor who would like to open a chain of exterminating businesses throughout the United States. Since Frank is interested in opening several establishments throughout the United States, the best option for him would be to have his business set up as a franchise business. In his particular case a chain-style franchise would be more beneficial as this would allow each establishment to make and sell its services to the public in the different parts of the country. Frank as the franchisor would be responsible for his own contracts and torts and the franchisee is liable for his own contracts and torts. Each prospect franchisee would have to apply with franchisor for a franchise. If approved the parties would enter a franchise agreement and the franchisor and franchisee would be set up as separate entities. Therefore each operation owner is responsible for filing his or her tax documents and ensuring that they are in compliance. Professional Practice Akiva and Tara have completed all the requirements needed for them to open up their own obstetrician’s office. Since Akiva and Tara are just newly out of the medical field, I think that they may want to consider having an LLC. A limited liability company (LLC) is an unincorporated business entity that combines the most favorable attributes of general partnerships, limited partnerships, and corporations. An LLC is taxed as a partnership unless it chooses to be taxed as a corporation, the owners can manage the business, and the owners have limited liability. Many entrepreneurs who begin new businesses choose the LLC as their legal form for conducting business† (Cheeseman, 2010. P. 267). An LLC is a separate legal unit (or legal individual) separate from its associates. LLCs can sue or be sued by people who have entered into a legal contract. Construction Scenario In this scenario Surebuild, Inc is a new construction company and Mei-Lin is the hiring manager and is found in the middle of a dilemma of which candidates to interview as she has specifically stated in the description that a high school diploma is required from that of the successful candidate. The first thing Surebuild, Inc needs to do is to hire a Human Resource Manager to ensure that Surebuild is in compliance with the federal, state, and local government. Regarding the applicants that have applied Surebuild needs to avoid making any decision that may violate discrimination of sex, age, origin of nationality. One of the applicants is Michelle, who is 35 years of age who shows to be pregnant and happens to be a high school graduate, and was once employed as a jackhammer operator. In this case Surebuild, Inc need to make sure there is no discrimination against Michelle since she is a female who happens to be pregnant or the company will be liable and probably sued. Especially because Michelle has met the requirement listed as a qualification for a successful candidate. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted to eliminate job discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Another applicant is Eric who is 55 years of age who has experience with a jackhammer without a high school diploma. In this case if the company is specifically looking for experience on the jackhammer they need to focus on that and make their decision based on the same and not on Eric’s age because then they would be committing discrimination against age. The defense the company can have is that Eric does not have a high school diploma a specific requirement that must be met. Felipe is a 38 year old applicant who does not speak any English and also has no high school diploma. The requirement for this position also states that the candidate is required to have a high school diploma, something Felipe does not have. The fact that Felipe does not speak English can be seen as a discrimination of origin of nationality but the company has proof that the applicant did not meet the requirements as he does not have a high school diploma. The last applicant is Nick a 23 year old college graduate who happens to be epileptic, and no experience with a jackhammer. Under the Title I of the ADA states that employment discrimination against individuals who are qualified with disabilities in respect to job application procedures, hiring compensation, training, promotion and termination is prohibited. Cheeseman, 2010. In this case the company should interview Nick as they would any possible candidate and make their determination based on their job requirements and the positions requirements. In this case he has more than a high school diploma but lacks the experience, he can be given training and possibly learn how to use a jackhammer but if the job cannot accommodate his epileptic condition and or will he be at a higher risk of injury because of the type of job then the company. Every company’s top priority for its employees is to ensure the safety of its employees and if Nick’s elliptical condition can cause severe injury to him or those around him while working on the jackhammer then the company needs to make a decision of not hiring Nick. Should they hire him with his condition and an accident takes place that cause’s major injury to Nick or another employee the company can be liable and required to pay the expenses, medical bills, and punitive damages. The company can possibly even be sued. Everyone business has a responsibility of ensuring that not only are they in compliance with the secretary of state when it comes to the proper registration of their business but they also have a huge responsibility to society, its employees, and to themselves. It is important that every business understand that there are federal, state, and local regulations they must abide by in order to avoid liability and possibly law suits. It is also important that they abide by them in order to give fair and proper treatment to its personnel as those are the individuals that drive the company and most of the times make it a successful business. This not only is beneficial to the company but to the employees and to our world economy.

Ilford cricket team data analysis project Essay

The problem I am investigating is the process in which information from a cricket match is analysed in view of the scores recorded from a match. The problem is that the cricket team captain and coach have a very hard task to change tactics during a match, and after a match. Things such as runs per over, runs needed for victory etc are all needed during a match for tactics, and after a match to see what went wrong. They must do many manual calculations to work out such things and this can cause many errors, as human error is inevitable. Also they cannot draw graphs of data to analyse the data easily, because this requires skill and time. This problem can lead to many problems such as inaccurate analysis, and therefore error in judgement over tactics. This can inevitably have an overall effect on the game as losing and winning a game can rely on this. This can all be solved with the use of computers. Feasibility Study Realistic appraisal of the feasibility of potential solutions. The feasibility stage of my project involves five main sections; these sections include the Technical, Economic, Legal, Operational, and Scheduler sections. These will have to be considered before the analysis to see if this project will be a feasible for the cricket team. I must consider the current software and hardware the cricket team already has available to him. Technical Feasibility Technical feasibility means investigating whether the technology exists to allow for a computer system such as the one I have proposed. Clearly the technology is available and so this means that this project is technically feasible. This project will require on the shelf software, so this is easily available and economic compared to bespoke software. Also the actual hardware requirements are not very demanding and could be already available to the team. This is all extremely important because this is such a big step for the team. Economic Feasibility Economic Feasibility is to view the costs and benefits of the potential system, both running costs and initial costs and then see if the benefits are greater than the costs, which if it is, means that the project is economically feasible. As the team is losing a lot of time through having to record scores manually, and is often making mistakes, it will mean that the new system will make it more efficient and worthwhile. Which will mean data is analysed quicker and so the coach and the captain can quickly change tactics and hopefully keep better tactics and win games. I have already mentioned this project is fairly economic in its initial costs, as the hardware and software are very cheap. Legal Feasibility. Legal feasibility means that your system should comply with the data protection act and the security rights of any data used in your project. The system should overall comply with the rules of the data protection act. In order to do this the system should be password protected so only authorised personnel can access the system. So if the system is created in this way, then the system will be legally feasible. Operational Feasibility Operational feasibility considers the social factors, which will affect the everyday working of the people using the system. This will not be too much of a change for the cricket team because they have manually been doing the job, so it will mean that they can fairly easily operate the new system. This system is operationally feasible because the team is already trained on using the current system and so knows how the cricket game is scored. The only problem might be the level if computer literacy that the cricket team has, but because of the simplicity of the system, the team will be able to operate the system with very little training. Therefore very soon the team will be able to operate the systems efficiently and so this means that the system is operationally feasible. However a user manual will be needed, in order to provide the basic instructions on how to use the system. Schedule Feasibility Schedule feasibility looks at the time span needed to introduce the new system and whether after its introduction there will be enough time to learn how to use it and use it efficiently. The answer to this is very obvious. Due to the fact, that it will take very little time to set-up this system as the software and hardware is available immediately and the training needed to use the system is very small, so the system will be ready to use very quickly after it has been made. And so means that this project will be feasible, in terms of schedule. The team will be hoping that the system can be built as soon as possible as the team is presently losing a lot of valuable time and would like to become more efficient as soon as possible. Investigation and Analysis. I started my investigation by firstly posing a questionnaire to the Ilford Cricket Team captain, Inam Arif. Questionnaire Question 1 I Are there any problems with the current system? YES/NO II If yes. Outline the problems below. Analysis of Questionnaire The interview that took place with the cricket team captain of Ilford cricket team, Inam Arif, on the 11th of November, in which I posed the above questionnaire to him, was very helpful for both him and me. It made me aware of the exact specifications that my system will need, to maximise the benefit for Inam and his team. It was a very successful interview as I do not now need a secondary interview as all aspects of what I needed to know have been covered, however a contact number for Inam has been taken and if there are any further questions I can contact him to query him further. A copy of the answered questionnaire can be seen in the appendix. Identification of the prospective user (s), and identification of user’s needs and acceptable limitations (using appropriate methods – summarised as necessary). The prospective user of the system will be the team captain and the coach, the coach will use the system to analyse data from a match and pass the information to his captain to act upon it. The coach will need full access to the system because he will need to input information into every part of the system. The captain will not need access into the system, because the coach will be verbally telling him actions to take, however if the captain does wish to see his teams position during the game, then he can be allowed view only access to the data, in a shortened form, with only the appropriate data which he needs, set out for him. To work out what the needs and acceptable limitations are, I needed to do some investigation myself into the possible problems a cricket team could face; I had to do some cricket analysis myself. From the interview, I knew that his team were in constant problems of not knowing where his team stood during a match and if they were going at the required speed that they should be playing or if they had to change tactics to win the game. They did not know at any stage, if their run rate was at the required rate or if they had enough wickets in hand to start to attack or if they should defend. They also did not know at what stage the other team was at the same time, when they were batting or bowling. To work out these things, he and his coach were constantly doing manual calculations working out run rates, total runs at each stage of the game, and total wickets and plotting these on a graph. He said what they needed was a system where all they did was input the runs and the wickets taken each over and for a computer system to work out the run rates of each team and the total runs manhattan, and total wickets, and for the computer to output three outputs in which they could tell these three things in the form of a graph. So to further decide on how I would go about implementing what Inam required. I decided to watch the Ilford cricket team play, I decided to keep score of the game and then analyse the game, working out such things as runs per over and runs needed for the other team etc. I discovered that I faced the following problems using this manual method: 1. I had the problem of not knowing at any one stage of the game, which team was in a stronger position and what kind of situation each team was in, so it was not possible for the captains and the coach to change tactics etc. 2. Also mistakes were a constant problem. I kept making mistakes in calculations and not putting the right data where it belonged. 3. I could not analyse the scores very easily, as there was no other forms of presenting the data other than just simply reading off scores, there was no graphs etc. 4. I could not create interesting links between the data and make no comparison, as there was not sufficient information or presentation of data to do this. 5. I could not stop in the middle of the game and predict who was winning the game or who had a better chance of winning, I just knew at the end who had won and who had lost. 6. The verification and validation of my work was very hard and time consuming, but was necessary to insure that everything was very accurate. 7. Also backing up data can be a very hard process, because it involves writing up everything or photocopying everything again, which is very time consuming and also means that if anything is wrong once then it is wrong again and all the time is spent on copying it is wasted. 8. Also the writing can be worn out and can rub off leading to inaccurate results. All these problems just lead to uncertainties and errors in judgements and an inefficient use of time and resources, which can be stopped by the use of computers. From my research I have concluded that the Ilford team need a system which can tell them the situation of each team at any certain stage during the match, so they need outputs which show the progress during certain stages of the game. In order to resolve all these problems, and looking at the best form of the solution for this problem I have decided to create a spreadsheet for the Ilford cricket team. So that the captain and the coach can easily predict things during a match and then accordingly change tactics and hopefully improve their game. There are many possible ways in which I can design my spreadsheet to meet the specific requirements for the Ilford cricket team. First I looked at the possible programs I could use to design my solution just in case the spreadsheet was not my ideal solution. The programs that are available for me to design my system are: 1. Microsoft Word This program is a very powerful word processor that allows you to create reports, letters, and other documents. I will not be using this because this program is for writing documents, and it is not intended for calculating data and making graphs and outcomes. 2. Microsoft PowerPoint This is a presentation program that can be used for presenting work and ideas. PowerPoint is able to show slides one after another, and make it into an animation that helps put ideas across better. It is not intended for building my system, because it does not have the necessary tools 3. Microsoft Excel This is a spreadsheet that is very powerful at computing complex financial related calculations. It is mainly used for creating various kinds of graphs from inputted data. This program would be ideal for my project as my project included inputting complex data in to a spreadsheet and getting outcomes using complex calculations and also creating various graphs to show data in an easier to understand form. 4. Microsoft Access This program is a database, this means it was created to store vast amounts of data, which can be sorted and searched. This would not be a suitable program for designing my scoreboard as it does not carry out complex calculations nor does it create graphs. Justification of chosen solution So overall I have concluded that this task will need the use of a spreadsheet, a computer will be used as filing cabinets get old and rusty and they take up space where as the computer takes up less space and looks professional. Secondly it is not easy to edit and store things on paper and filing cabinets where as the computer can store things neatly and efficiently, and also the data does not get misplaced. Finally its not easy to make backups of information on paper because it will require a lot of time and work, whereas on a computer it is much more time efficient and easy to make backup on a computer. Using a tape drive and/or any other form of storage. The spreadsheet will have minimal inputs and many outputs in order for me to work out outcomes/predictions and forecast the game to change tactics etc. This would be very useful to the team because their work will be cut substantially and they will need less labour to work on the score analysis, so it will cut costs. Using the spreadsheet program MS Excel I will be able to carry out my work more efficiently and accurately because it will organise my work. I will be able to insert formulas into my spreadsheet, which will do all the calculations for me and therefore will leave me with no mistakes in calculations. Also MS Excel will create all graphs and outputs to forecast the game for me leaving me with no need to employ skilled workers whom know how to make graphs. So overall it will be cost effective efficient and very productive to use the spreadsheet on a computer and go ahead with the project. A template of a scoreboard with all the appropriate formulas already inserted in the spreadsheet will be given to the coach. After the scores are input into the spreadsheet, the spreadsheet will automatically create graphs and tables to show progress and comparisons and analysis of the scores, for the coach to use and convey to his captain in order to change his tactics to benefit his team. This problem to predict what happens next requires a method of forecasting which can be used in a spreadsheet by entering the formula in to next cells, which is related to the formula before. This can help to predict things, which can happen next by inputting a thing into one cell and looking at the outcome, and then predict what can happen next. This is done by finding the next number in the series from the results and the trends of the previous results. Also the spreadsheet can be used to predict if the predicted target is what the team achieved and if not what was the difference in them reaching this target. Using the spreadsheet you will be easily be able to see anticipated results and what actually happened and also be able to predict instantly what is happening in between a game and who is in the stronger position of the two teams. This is all what is needed by a coach and captain of a team to improve his quality of work and also his tactics and hopefully win games. Data Flow Diagram Current System SYMBOL KEY: = ENTITY = PROCESS = DATA FLOW FIGURE 1. 1 Process Flowcharts Data Flow Diagram Proposed System SYMBOL KEY: = ENTITY = PROCESS = DATA FLOW = DATA STORE FIGURE 1. 2 Process Flowcharts Entity Relationship Diagram Current System SYMBOL KEY: = ENTITY = ATTRIBUTES FIGURE 2. 1 File Structure Table Entity Relationship Diagram Proposed System SYMBOL KEY: = ENTITY = ATTRIBUTES FIGURE 2. 2 File Structure Table Explanation of DFD’s and E-R diagrams Figure 1. 1 and Figure 1. 2 both show data flow diagrams of the current and proposed systems. Figure 1. 1 shows the data flow diagram of the current system, it shows the processes and the data flows. Figure 1. 1 shows that the data source is the coach and the cricket scores, and it shows the destination is the cricket team captain and his team; this is the same data source and destination for the proposed system DFD aswell. Figure 1. 1 shows that the cricket scores are received by the coach and are calculated manually, and then analysed and passed on to the team captain so he can change his teams tactics to try and win the game. Figure 1. 2 also shows that the coach receives the data from the cricket scores, but then inputs this data into the new system, which calculates and analyses the information for him and produces outputs, which he views and then tells his captain if his team are ok and should carry on doing what they are doing now, or they should change their tactics, the captain the relays his orders to his team, so that they succeed in the game. Figure 2. 1 shows the entity relationship diagram of the current system and figure 2. 2 shows the entity relationship diagram of the proposed system, they are almost the same, there is a one to one relationship with the team and set of batting and set of bowling results. However dude the proposed system able to output a set of results analysis, in the form of graphs etc. There is a third one to one relationship between the team and the set of cricket results analysis. Objectives of the report There are many objectives of the report.   Successfully working system   No bugs   User friendly system   Helps team to win more games   Helps team to change statistics in the best way. Fufill the requirements of Inam Arif, the cricket team captain of Ilford Cricket Team. 1) The main aim is to find the best possible solution for the captain and the coach of the team. This meant that I had to make a spreadsheet which will find the predictive outcomes as accurate as possible the more accurate the better. The spreadsheet will also be the better if it is able to do more and more of the calculations needed for the spreadsheet for the user. 2) To fulfil my aim I will use the most features available to me as possible to overcome my problem. 3) The solution I choose must: (a) Predict the match’s outcomes efficiently, thus allowing the coach to gain an understanding of the game, and hence change tactics to benefit his team. (b) Be easy to use, so that the coach does not waste time trying to work out how to use some parts of the program and so he/she can, quickly learn how to use it, and gain a better understanding of the match being played and enjoy it more. (c) Make the cricket team more efficient in their tactics during a match. This should mean that they play better and hopefully win more games. The three outputs needed from the system in the end to make it successful should be: A graph of the run rates per over, showing the run rate each over of the whole match.   A scoring manhattan type graph showing the runs made each over and overall runs during the match.   A graph showing the wickets taken during the match at what point in the match the team was losing the wickets. All the above objectives have to be covered, to make my system a successful one. Design Overall System Design Description of modular structure of system – (not detailed algorithm design) Identification of suitable algorithms for data transformation – (not detailed algorithm design). There are 3 worksheets and 3 graphs in total. The first worksheet has two tables in it. The bowling first and batting first tables. The second worksheet has two tables in it aswell. The bowling second and batting second tables. The third worksheet has 3 tables, these are comparisons of Run rate per over, total runs, and total wickets between the two teams. The three graphs are outputs from the data in all three worksheets, the first graph is a graph showing the run rates per over for both teams, the second one shows the total runs for both teams, and the third one the total wickets for both teams. The tables in worksheet 1 are made out of formulae where you enter the runs per over and wickets per over, and the computer works out the rest of the data, i. e. the run rate per over, the number of wickets taken and total runs for you. The tables in worksheet 2 are made up of some data from worksheet 1. The batting second table has a target column and this is made from data in worksheet 1 showing total runs for the batting first team, because the batting second team must reach the total runs made by the batting first team. The third worksheet is made up of data from both the first and worksheets. The data for comparison of run rates per over, total runs and total wickets, are taken from the first two worksheets. The total runs and run rate per over figures are taken from the batting first and batting second tables. The total wickets figures are taken from the bowling first and bowling second tables. All this data is linked using macros into worksheet 3 and then sheet 3 is used to output the 3 graphs. The data from the three comparison tables in worksheet 3 is used to create the three graphs. Below a illustrated version of how the worksheets and graphs are linked is shown. Figure 3. 1 Symbol Key = Worksheet = Table = Graph = Links between the tables = Links between the tables and the graphs Definition of data requirements, such as input and output data types and formats Data types were numbrs, ouputs r graphs, etc. Identification of appropriate storage media and format Print outs, hard disk and floppy Identification of any validation required Sample of data validation, illustrating the operation of error messages Maximum figures, screen shots of the validation, and illegal data. User interface design including input / output forms and reports. Inputs-runs per over, and wickets per over, and overs happened. Input forms sheet 1 and sheet 2 3 colums each Sheet 3 all done formulae And outputs r graph 1 2 3.. Run rates per over Total runs Wickets Good HCI design: Considers The User – type of use and context – e. g. business or home – User needs/Usability Input/output devices – choice of and appropriateness of Dialogues – to be relevant, simple and clear Colour – use of and colour combinations Icon usage and presentation – 3D effects and depth perception Provides Feedback Exits – clearly marked On-line help Shortcuts Helpful error messages. Prevents errors occurring Minimises the amount the user has to remember Sample of planned data capture and entry Data capture in to the sheets,on the comp straight, and if bak up needed, then scores written on paper in this data form. but input later,then calculated. Description of record or database structures Screenshots of the records of each cell, properties etc. Sample of planned valid output The three graphs. three outputs. File organisation and processing forgot Database design including E-R model Entity relationship diagram Description of measures planned for security and integrity of data Description of measures planned for system security (access control) Security, passwords etc Overall test Strategy Top down, bottom up; Black-box testing. White-box testing. Identify suitable test strategies and select and document suitable test data. Unit testing, Integration testing, System testing, Acceptance testing. Test solution and document the results of testing. Technical Solution Write up and discussion of technical solution could refer to other sections Copies of code listings (preferably in the appendix) Details of software tailoring (evidence may be in the systems maintenance section). System Maintenance Develop and document a solution for maintainability. For maintainability a solution should be evaluated in terms of the ease with which it can be corrected if an error is encountered, adapted if its environment changes, or enhanced if customer changes requirements. Use my project to make a documentation on how to maintain this thing. System Testing Use wat I made in excel to test in the testing thing. User Documentation Talk about how to use the system. Appraisal Evalutation of the objectives outlines b4 Sheryar Majid 13D/CO 28/04/07.